Letter 83: Rica (Paris) to Ibben (Smyrna). Rica describes a court of law. Usbek says that “we” Persian men are not really afraid of infidelity, but of their wives’ loss of purity. Letter 10: Mirza (Ispahan) to his friend Usbek, (Erzeroum). Usbek is now aware that “some” of his wives are angry and restless, so he resolves to do the thing that annoys them most and surround them with more black eunuchs. Having perhaps recovered from the rebuke of Letter 9 (it's been a few years), Usbek writes again asking the purpose of the fasts and sack cloths. However in order to keep the eunuchs from asserting the status quo even in Ibrahim’s absence, because they had done so while the angelic servant carried Ibrahim two thousand miles away, he found it necessary to stay for three years. He may also be well read in the legends and histories of his religion. 6 Pages • 1529 Vues. Usbek hasn’t written lately, and Ibben is worried about him. Rica has visited the Hotel des Invalides, established for the retirement and comfort of disabled soldiers. Letter 133: Rica (Paris) to an unknown person. Letter 4: from Zéphis (Seraglio at Ispahan) to Usbek (Erzeroum). Yet in letter 4, written by Zéphis, it is clear that Zéphis, and not Zachi, is the one who was punished for inappropriate behavior with the young slave Zelida. Letter 145: Usbek (Paris) to an unknown person. Le siècle des Lumières est un courant européen qui préconise l'importance de la raison (en opposition aux superstitions). Letter 85: Rica (Paris) to an unknown person. Usbek is describing the ongoing debate over the French Constitution. Sur quels aspects de la société française la satire porte-t-elle ? From letter 69 (71) to letter 139 (147) – chronologically from 1714 to 1720 – not a single letter from Usbek relates to the seraglio, which is unmentioned in any guise from letter 94 to 143 (and even in the edition of … Usbek and Rica are on the move again. Letter 98: Usbek (Paris) to Hassim, Dervish of the Mountain of Jaron. But Usbek makes a very good counterargument to the notion that a fondness for the arts makes people weak. Usbek is responding to Rhedi’s letter and calling him on the hypocrisy of leaving his country to acquire knowledge, yet despising “all” knowledge. He appears to believe that Usbek is going to return, at which point he could take Jaron to Mecca. Here, Usbek and Rica stopped and stayed three or four months. Letter 103: Usbek (Paris) to Ibben (Smyrna). Mais il ne s’est pas vraiment intéressé, ica au même. Le texte est court, mais le poison a fait effet très vite. No matter where he goes, he sees nothing but ruins of ancient Italian buildings that were far more impressive and powerful than what he sees now. Letter 136: Rica (Paris) to the unknown person. Usbek explains that it is the addressee’s duty to watch over Usbek’s women, enforcing their dutiful and virtuous behavior and punishing them on his behalf should their modesty lapse. Usbek says that Ibben’s nephew Rhedi has left Smyrna to visit Italy. Letter 127: Rica (Paris) to Usbek (out in the country). Pisma persidskiya [Lettres persanes. Usbek is complaining about the price of wine. Des dissertations et des documents de haute qualité. Lettres persanes. Usbek is describing the many varieties and forms of government he has seen in Europe, which differs from the uniform rules of policy he says are “the same” everywhere in Asia. Now we know more about the second seraglio: it is one that Usbek’s wives frequently occupy themselves. Letter 109: Usbek (Paris) to an unknown person. When one man carried off his neighbor’s wife and the two men quarreled, the man they asked to judge the matter told him he didn’t care. Letter 87: Rica (Paris) to an unknown person. This is a continuation of the last letter. Il est l’auteur de nombreux mémoires, de romans parmi lesquels : Lettre persanes (1721), de Pensées et d’ouvrages d’analyse tel que De l’Esprit des Lois OEUVRE : Les Lettres Persanes est un roman épistolaire écrit en 1721. After a long silence, Usbek is writing to his friend Mirza again. Rica describes various confidence schemes being run in Paris: alchemy, magic, or the renewable virginity of a prostitute. Rica describes the University of Paris and an argument concerning how to pronounce the French letter “Q”. These notes were contributed by members of the GradeSaver community. Introduction : Montesquieu, issu d'une grande famille de parlementaires bordelais, a passé une grande partie de sa vie à fréquenter les salons parisiens. In Rome, Usbek believes the slaves were more efficiently used to the benefit of the republic. Because he has read Tavernier and Chardin, who described Persia in writing, he believes he knows the country better than Rica, who lived there all his life. So Solim won’t get to spill any blood after all—he is dead because Roxana found a way to kill him before he attacked her—and the other wives, if they are still alive, are free to leave or to do whatever else they please. Usbek is suggesting that he, personally, has been wrongly accused or punished for excellence. Letter 113: Rhedi (Venice) to Usbek (Paris). Letter 36: Usbek (Paris) to Rhedi (Venice). L’étonnement de Rica à propos des français, se transfère en indignation. Les deux personnages sont persans : Uzbek et Rica. Hier au soir, un jeune garçon fut trouvé dans le jardin du sérail, et il se sauva par-dessus les murailles. Ils ont quitté la perse pour se rendre à Paris et y découvrent les parisiens, leurs opinions politiques, DM MONTESQUIEU, Lettres persanes, 1721, lettre 99 Questions d'analyse : 1/. Usbek is also worried about exactly what he will do, or what he can do, if he has to personally order punishments. Letter 123: Usbek (Paris) to Rhedi (Venice). Usbek complains to Ibben that he is depressed, forced to labor for a society to which he refuses to belong, and held to an agreement made without his consent. Letter 155: Usbek (Paris) to Nessir (Ispahan) Usbek is whining about how he’s living in an offensive, barbarous country far away from everything in which he is interested. Letter 97: the Chief Eunuch (the Seraglio at Ispahan) to Usbek (Paris). Letter 40: Usbek (Paris) to Ibben (Smyrna). Letter 59: Rica (Paris) to Usbek (off somewhere else again). Letter 126: Rica (Paris) to an unknown person. All this talk about virtue, and about living a virtue-based life instead of following one’s own desires, contradicts what Usbek himself actually does. Usbek continues to speculate about the reason behind population decline. Il n'a point de mines d'or comme le roi d'Espagne son voisin; mais il a plus de richesses que lui, parce qu'il les tire de la vanité de ses sujets, plus inépuisable que les mines. Letter 129: Rica (Paris) to Usbek (out in the country). Because they did not have to win the respect of the people below them, Usbek claimed that they did their very best to win their affection and show compassion. He is no longer shocked by them, and enjoys their good humor. This identifies Mirza as a thinker, philosopher, and debater who proposes to correspond with Usbek some more about deep philosophical thoughts. She realizes that she has the power to make him uneasy, and so she enjoys doing it. The Chief Eunuch envies Ibbi the new sights and entertainments, because he hates his job. L’oeuvre raconte le voyage à Paris de deux Persans, Usbek et Rica. He is depressed because of the events occurring in the seraglio. Il s'agit d'un roman épistolaire qui présente la correspondance de deux Persans. In Persia, women’s health is supposedly preserved by the dull and uniform seraglio life, but in France men and women alike are more cheerful. The Chief Eunuch begs him to do so. Letter 82: Nargum (Muscovy) to Usbek (Paris). This produces a Catch-22 of sorts: if one follows the law of honor (and fights a duel) he will be condemned to death, but if he does not, he is banished socially. Letter 78: Rica (Paris) to Usbek (elsewhere). Usbek believes that the answer to Rhedi’s question revolves around plagues such as the Black Death. Usbek speaks approvingly of the practice of altering one’s mental state for medical or emotional reasons. Letter 92: Usbek (Paris) to Rustan (Ispahan). Usbek rebukes Narsit for not opening the letter to the Chief Eunuch. Letter 76: Usbek (Paris) to Ibben (Smyrna). The two had their marriage solemnized by a Guerbre priest. This letter was written after the first two, and the fact it is addressed to Usbek at Erzeroum suggests that at least one and possibly both of the first two letters have been received. This is odd and disturbing: for example it is fashionable to speak ill of Cardinal Mazarin, who died in 1661. Although he claims to have “forestalled” love for them, he is still extremely jealous of them. There are books about medicine, anatomy, and even judicial astrology which is well respected in Persia. Usbek marvels at the great financial gifts given by princes to their courtiers. Letter 7: Fatmé (the Seraglio at Ispahan) to Usbek (Erzeroum). This time Rica talks to a different man at the library. Letter 23: Usbek (Leghorn) to his friend Ibben (Smyrna). Lettre 156 : Plainte de Roxane qui déplore la cruauté d’Usbek et de ses eunuques. The rest of the letter is a rationalization. Furthermore, a young man was observed in the seraglio garden; he made his escape by scaling the wall. A certain amount of domestic violence is—he says—customary and expected in Muscovy, to the point where he says the Russian women do not feel loved if they are not occasionally beaten or mistreated by their husbands. Apheridon willingly sacrifices himself for the sake of the woman who risked everything to marry him. Back in Letter 8, he asserted that following the commands of his own heart was better than following the “maxims” of his enemies or submitting himself to rules. He believes that disputes are almost always clearly defined and easily decided. Letter 74: Usbek (Paris) to Rica (somewhere else). Later in the book a letter appears from another wife named Zélis, bringing the total to five, which is one more than Usbek’s sacred Koran allows. So Usbek believes that the Persian law that forbids it is good. The people Rica meets talk constantly of themselves. Solim has bad news: despite the beatings and the constant surveillance, and perhaps because she herself is not being watched since she has managed to deflect suspicion onto the other women, Roxana managed to sneak a lover into the seraglio. Usbek, he says, is grieving and suspicious about his wives’ behavior and anxious to exert a stronger control on them from afar. He’s stared at a lot when out in public, and his portrait is suddenly everywhere. Rica is sending a copy of a Frenchman’s description of Spain which presents a critical view of the contemporary Spanish monarchy and of the Inquisition. Accordingly, fewer European princes die violently. Letter 19: Usbek (Smyrna) to Rustan (Ispahan). People are supposedly not jealous about rank as much as they are about who has the best horses. He also says it was most likely Zélis who was supposed to receive the letter. The two men have been in Paris about a month. During this time he spent all Ibrahim’s money and fathered a bunch of children with his wives. L’éditeur présente son livre comme un recueil de lettres fictives de Persans qui l’aurait recueilli chez lui. Letter 140: Rica (Paris) to Usbek (elsewhere). Usbek describes two groups of people maintained by Parisians: courtesans and “dervishes” or priests. There are a few things wrong with Usbek’s account. Letter 99: Usbek (Paris) to Ibben (Smyrna). Things appear to have cleared up for the moment, however it would be best if Usbek returned. He relates the story of a woman from India who, having lost her husband, went to the governor of her city to ask to burn herself to meet her standards of religious decency and carry on family tradition. Zelida’s mother does not object, nor does Zelida herself. Having supposedly lived most of his life as a courtier he must have seen a great deal of politics in Persia, and the reader must wonder exactly how he could retain such a simplistic and inaccurate view of the world. There is not necessarily any truth to Rhedi’s assertion that the ancient world was more populous, however some resources such as the trees that once covered that part of the world had been long since depleted. Rica describes a man who has a great deal of income from his land, but is ruined by excessive debt. Rica acknowledges that both he and Levi are from groups of people known for their superstition. For the first time, Usbek mentions his “new” wife Roxana, bringing the total to four: Zachi, Zéphis, Fatmé, and Roxana. The eunuchs insisted they would rather let the women drown. Analyse composée : I. Une lettre d'aveu et d'adieu a) L'inscription de la, INTRODUCTION. She expresses physical passion and sexual frustration, because the only man she is permitted to allow to satisfy her is unavailable. The Chief Black Eunuch is writing from a second seraglio at Fatmé. Usbek est parti car il ressentait de la curiosité à l'égard des autres cultures. The dowry had been agreed upon and the marriage consummated, but Suphis mutilated the girl, claiming she was not a virgin, and sent her back to her father. It is now late in 1714. The librarian is shocked, however Rica explains that all the Persian astrologists together commit less folly than the average French algebraist. The man escaped and has threatened to write to Usbek. It is now 1715, and more than four years have passed since Usbek’s departure. Letter 66: Rica (Paris) to an unknown person. The women are relaxed, happy, and having a good time except for Roxana who maintains her customary aloof behavior. Usbek does not quite understand why any woman, not wishing to be put to death for a late miscarriage and lacking family resources to feed and care for a child, would find it expedient to simply end the pregnancy early and thereby avoid the risk of being blamed for a late miscarriage and put to death for it. According to Usbek, but ironically to the modern reader, Paris is full of liberty and equality (fraternity, the third part of the goal of the French Revolution, not being mentioned). He believes that the best government is the one run with the least amount of difficulty and friction. Already there is strife between the Regent (the new King’s uncle) and Parliament. Ils échangent leurs impressions, leurs étonnements et critiques sur la société du XVIII e siècle, notamment en France où voyagent Usbek et Rica, et à Venise, où se trouve Rhédi. Rica is going into society and adopting European manners. He cannot endure exile any longer. He is pleased that Zélis is paying attention to “her” daughter’s education and he expresses hope that she have a good husband and live in wealth and comfort. This is consistent with the notion that the Chief Eunuch has been blackmailed or bribed into going along with bad behavior, or that the Chief Eunuch's report to Usbek might be false or exaggerated in order to obtain power to punish the women he despises. They hang out in the Tuileries and habitually prognosticate about politics and military matters. Rica writes to him to describe an encounter with a man who is convinced he has discovers how to make the Philosopher’s Stone. Letter 77: Ibben (Smyrna) to Usbek (Paris). The translation is in the public domain and is available at, http://rbsche.people.wm.edu/teaching/plp/, Letter 1: from Usbek (Tauris) to his friend Rustan (Ispahan). Usbek believes there should be magistrates to mediate disputes between citizens, but that nobody should interfere in disputes between nations. She begs Usbek to return to either love her or allow her to die at his feet. She expresses her love for him. The second letter "included" by Rica is an allegorical satire about a man who, armed with a bag of winds, defrauds the people of Betica of much of their wealth. The letter writer does not ask whether Usbek is coming back. But more powerful still is the Pope, who can make the King believe that three and one are the same number, that bread is not bread, and that wine is blood. As a very young man, the Chief Eunuch agreed to let his first master have him made into a eunuch, thinking that the sacrifice of his passions would be repaid by wealth, he was cruelly cheated. He is also sad because his friends aren’t allowed to ask any questions about his departure. She continued to avoid him and make no attempt to please him. There is a location called the Gardens of Fatmé, however both the Gardens and Fatmé herself are named after somebody else. Letter 80: The Chief Black Eunuch (the Seraglio at Fatmé) to Usbek (Paris). But Roxana and Zélis were anxious to visit, and judging by the last letter the reader can deduce that each of them has a lover there. Ajoute à cela ce qui n’est pas parvenu à ma connoissance ; car sûrement tu es trahi. At this point, the reader still has no direct evidence of bad behavior from the women, apart from the Chief Eunuch’s word which has been communicated directly to Usbek and also indirectly to Solim.Solim has not personally seen any of the incidents the Chief Eunuch reported, but he is definitely is in a position to advance his career at the women’s expense. DM sur le texte de Montesquieu, lettres persanes. According to Rhedi, all the monarchies have been founded by war, and ignorance of the arts. Letter 14: Usbek (Erzeroum) to Mirza (Ispahan). Je ne t’en écris qu’en tremblant. He keeps no study, sold his library, and used the money to pay for the post (which he purchased). Lettres persanes : critique sociale julien et malo conculusion Montesquieu ne se contente pas de faire de la satire de la mode, mais aussi une satire du roi et des moeurs Francaises. Poids de l’exil. Il laisse derrière lui les cinq épouses de son sérail (Zachi, Zéphis, Fatmé, Zélis, et Roxane) aux soins d’un certain nombre d’eunuques noirs. On dit qu'il possde un trs haut degr le talent de se faire obir: il gouverne avec le mme gnie sa famille, sa cour, son tat. He then provides his own analysis, showing how the people who attain excellence in science, history, and other fields of study are respected and admired only by other people in their own field. But when he exchanges his attire for the same kind of clothing men wear in Paris, he disappears from notice and is treated more normally. Accordingly, instead of resulting in a lot of children, polygamy as practiced in the Persian fashion limits the population because of all the people necessary to provide slaves for the seraglio, which ensures they are not available to marry and reproduce. Usbek thinks about how terrible it would have been if he and Rica, back in Persia, had behaved in a similar way. Il demande à Rustan de lui faire parvenir les échos de son départ. He says her love for him has been shaken, although it has been due to his own conduct, and claims Zachi is derelict in her duty. This is a contrast with what Usbek appears to be doing (moping and complaining to and about his wives). Rica describes some women he met at a party. They know a great deal of trivia, and they anticipate the future. Yet the books are chiefly explanations about what the authors believed, based on their interpretation. Il s’agit là d’un courrier envoyé par Rica à, Lettres Persanes Le roi de France est le plus puissant prince de l'Europe. Les philosophes du 18ème siècle reconnaissent en Montesquieu leur précurseur ; ses idées inspirent leur combat. 100% Money Back Guarantee. Professors of languages or arts teach what they do not know. Lettres Persanes. Roxana has taken poison and will die presently, but before she leaves she sends off a letter to Usbek. He is going into the country, and living in a pleasant house where he can think and speculate at will. Initially, this group of people were ruled only by their own savage instincts. In terms of policy, politics, and philosophy Rica says the French are content to import most of their laws and ideas from elsewhere—this is a clear dramatic irony even to a contemporary reader who would be familiar with some of the Enlightenment thought that was originating in France at that time. But even the art of war is not advancing, since people cling to their backward ways instead of embracing or improving new technology like the Europeans do. He indicates that he is Solim’s “master”, meaning that Solim and the aforementioned Soliman are not in fact the same person, and promises rewards for restoring order to the seraglio. Initially, for most of its first readers as well as for its author, it … DM MONTESQUIEU, Lettres persanes, 1721, lettre 99 Questions d'analyse : 1/. Rica is satirically describing the Pope, the bishops to whom all the annoying work is delegated, and a number of heresies and new doctrines that are being debated. Throughout the novel, the family can be regarded as an allegory for a state, with the patriarch of the family representing the head of the state and the other members of the family, such as wives and children, representing the subjects.
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