negotiator definition in management

trailer king of France from 1589 to 1610; although he was leader of the Huguenot armies, when he succeeded the Catholic Henry III and founded the Bourbon dynasty in 1589 he established religious freedom in France; son of Henry IV and King of England from 1413 to 1422; reopened the Hundred Years' War and defeated the French at Agincourt (1387-1422), son of Henry V who as an infant succeeded his father and was King of England from 1422 to 1461; he was taken prisoner in 1460 and Edward IV was proclaimed king; he was rescued and regained the throne in 1470 but was recaptured and murdered in the Tower of London (1421-1471), first Tudor king of England from 1485 to 1509; head of the house of Lancaster in the War of the Roses; defeated Richard III at Bosworth Field and was proclaimed king; married the daughter of Edward IV and so united the houses of York and Lancaster (1457-1509), King of the Germans and Holy Roman Emperor (1275-1313), son of Henry VII and King of England from 1509 to 1547; his divorce from Catherine of Aragon resulted in his break with the Catholic Church in 1534 and his excommunication 1538, leading to the start of the Reformation in England (1491-1547), the first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1625 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625; he was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and he succeeded Elizabeth I; he alienated the British Parliament by claiming the divine right of kings (1566-1625), the last Stuart to be king of England and Ireland and Scotland; overthrown in 1688 (1633-1701), youngest son of Henry II; King of England from 1199 to 1216; succeeded to the throne on the death of his brother Richard I; lost his French possessions; in 1215 John was compelled by the barons to sign the Magna Carta (1167-1216), Roman Emperor and nephew of Constantine; he restored paganism as the official religion of the Roman Empire and destroyed Christian temples but his decision was reversed after his death (331?-363), third son of Charlemagne and king of France and Germany and Holy Roman Emperor (778-840), son of Louis II and king of the France and Germany (863-882), the last Carolingian king of France (967-987), king of France whose military victories consolidated his reign (1081-1137), king of France who led the unsuccessful Second Crusade and fought frequent wars with Henry II of England (1120-1180), king of France who increased the power of the Crown over the feudal lords (1187-1226), king of France and son of Louis VIII; he led two unsuccessful Crusades; considered an ideal medieval king (1214-1270), king of France who put down an alliance of unruly nobles and unified France except for Brittany (1423-1483), king of France who was popular with his subjects (1462-1515), king of France from 1610 to 1643 who relied heavily on the advice of Cardinal Richelieu (1601-1643), king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715), grandson of Louis XIV and king of France from 1715 to 1774 who led France into the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War (1710-1774), king of France from 1774 to 1792; his failure to grant reforms led to the French Revolution; he and his queen (Marie Antoinette) were guillotined (1754-1793), Roman Emperor from 286 until he abdicated in 305; when Diocletian divided the Roman Empire in 286 Maximian became emperor in the west (died in 311), Roman Emperor notorious for his monstrous vice and fantastic luxury (was said to have started a fire that destroyed much of Rome in 64) but the Roman Empire remained prosperous during his rule (37-68), Emperor of Rome who introduced a degree of freedom after the repressive reign of Domitian; adopted Trajan as his successor (30-98), King of the Germans and Holy Roman Emperor (912-973), son of Henry II and King of England from 1189 to 1199; a leader of the Third Crusade; on his way home from the crusade he was captured and held prisoner in the Holy Roman Empire until England ransomed him in 1194 (1157-1199), King of England from 1377 to 1399; he suppressed the Peasant's Revolt in 1381 but his reign was marked by popular discontent and baronial opposition in British Parliament and he was forced to abdicate in 1399 (1367-1400), King of England from 1483 to 1485; seized the throne from his nephew Edward V who was confined to the Tower of London and murdered; his reign ended when he was defeated by Henry Tudor (later Henry VII) at the battle of Bosworth Field (1452-1485), the last emperor of a united Roman Empire, he took control of the eastern empire and ended the war with the Visigoths; he became a Christian and in 391 banned all forms of pagan worship (346-395), son-in-law of Augustus who became a suspicious tyrannical Emperor of Rome after a brilliant military career (42 BC to AD 37), Emperor of Rome; son of Vespasian (39-81), Roman Emperor and adoptive son of Nerva; extended the Roman Empire to the east and conducted an extensive program of building (53-117), Emperor of Rome and founder of the Flavian dynasty who consolidated Roman rule in Germany and Britain and reformed the army and brought prosperity to the empire; began the construction of the Colosseum (9-79), queen of Great Britain and Ireland and empress of India from 1837 to 1901; the last Hanoverian ruler of England (1819-1901), grandson of Queen Victoria and Kaiser of Germany from 1888 to 1918; he was vilified as causing World War I (1859-1941), duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England; he defeated Harold II at the battle of Hastings in 1066 and introduced many Norman customs into England (1027-1087), the second son of William the Conqueror who succeeded him as King of England (1056-1100), King of England and Scotland and Ireland; he married the daughter of James II and was invited by opponents of James II to invade England; when James fled, William III and Mary II were declared joint monarchs (1650-1702), King of England and Ireland; son of George III who ascended the throne after a long naval career (1765-1837), a negotiator who acts as a link between parties, a negotiator who hopes to gain concessions by refusing to come to terms, a representative who acts on behalf of other persons or organizations, a member of a municipal legislative body (as a city council), someone who is a member of a legislative assembly, a person who is in a position to give you special assistance, a person appointed or elected to represent others, someone sent on a mission to represent the interests of someone else, a mediator who brings one thing into harmonious agreement with another, the chief public representative of a country who may also be the head of government, someone who mediates between speakers of different languages, someone who arranges (or tries to arrange) marriages for others, someone who mediates disputes and attempts to avoid violence, a person who manages the affairs of another, the representative of Puerto Rico in the United States House of Representatives, an intermediate person; used in the phrase `at second hand'. Noun. Found inside – Page 360... as communication situation 259–61 Arab negotiator style 260 Russian ... project mission and scope 236 definition of project management 5–7 integrating ... Topic 3. So why is it such a necessary skill for PMs? Copyright © 2021 Vocabulary.com, Inc, a division of IXL Learning • All Rights Reserved. The Challenge. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. Developing a BATNA should involve looking at any factors of uncertainty, such as Thompson’s ideas on cause and effect on relations and preferrences of outcomes and the factors mentioned in the “garbage can” theory (Tolbert & Hall, 2009). Though union negotiations receive a great deal of media attention … Negotiation is those types of methods, which are involved anywhere. Interests and Positions. Negotiation is the process between two or more parties that aims to balance different interests, needs and expectations in order to reach a common agreement and commitment while maintaining a positive working relationship (IPMA ICB4, 2015). Negotiation is a process wherein you examine your and other party’s position to come up with a mutually acceptable compromise, which fulfills the requirements of both the sides. ‘The process through which two or more parties who are in conflict over outcomes attempt to reach agreement. The two parties with different needs and goals having some common interest and others divergent intend to arrive at an agreement. Perception is the process by which individuals connect to their environment by ascribing meaning to messages and events. noslēgšanu. 0000004325 00000 n Week_3_4_ppts ihsangorgun. Meaning. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. 0000006363 00000 n In your personal life, a negotiation can be simple - … 0000000016 00000 n This work explores the problems faced by Western managers while doing business abroad and offers guidelines for international business negotiations. It also focuses on an important aspect of international business: negotiations. Found inside – Page 392research , however , suggests that negotiators who begin with distributive ... through reframing or re - evaluating the definition and scope of a problem . 0000006756 00000 n <]>> There needs to be a broader approach around supplier performance, including measurable criteria such as accurate and timely deliveries, high quality, strong customer support, reduced supply chain risk, great communication and cost management. There are many situations where you may need to negotiate at work, no matter what your role is. 2011.02.negotiation.rosario 01 Stephan Langdon. Indeed, Shell noted that most people begin negotiating at a very early age. Negotiation is a process of “give and take” resulting in a compromise where each side makes a concession for the benefit of everyone involved. SUMMARY: Summarize the article in your own words- … In this book Ray Fells draws on his extensive experience as a teacher and researcher to examine key issues such as trust, power and information exchange, ethics and strategy. There are five key reasons for this: 1. 0000002040 00000 n How prevalent is negotiation? Definition (1): The decisional roles entail making decisions or choices.The four decisional roles are entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator.. Conflict negotiation is often called mediation when civil matters are involved. Switch to new thesaurus. Process, 2. 0000005954 00000 n The book provides detailed explanations in the context of core themes such as customer satisfaction, ethics, entrepreneurship, global business, and managing change. This includes grievance redressal measures, required in case of misinterpretation or violation of the terms of the contract. a person who has formal discussions with someone else in order to reach an agreement, or a person whose job is to do this: a chief/lead/top negotiator He is the chief negotiator for the union. Negotiation Skills Faakor Agyekum. ;!k"trt* jmar1619s8 workingpaper alfredp.sloanschoolofmanagement theelementsofnegotiation management j.d.nyhan&dhaneshk.samarasan* wp1956-87 november,1987 massachusetts instituteoftechnology 50memorialdrive cambridge,massachusetts02139 In the salary negotiation, the following parties are involved: the Administrators appointed by the management of the company, a representative from the workers union, a third party who happens to be holding a neutral position in the negotiating table so as to listen to the inputs from both sides and then help in striking a deal. Definition: Distributive bargaining is a competitive bargaining strategy in which one party gains only if the other party loses something.It is used as a negotiation strategy to distribute fixed resources such as money, resources, assets, etc. To confer with another or others in order to come to terms or reach an agreement: But this war may bring round a peace; this peace will require a, It was necessary, if Monk refused the offers of the, "Yes," said Cromwell; "you have done, since I knew you, not only your duty, but more than your duty; you have been a faithful friend, a cautious, The matron watched him for a moment, and saw what was passing in his mind, and so, like a wise, The cabinet on Wednesday approved an amendment to allow the chief, NORTH Wales-based sales and lettings agency, Williams Estates, has been named the Best Agency in Wales at The, The art of negotiation may be strengthened by the natural attributes of the, "It is difficult to negotiate where neither will trust", (sarunu ceļā) panākt (līguma u.tml.) Salespeople who think big get big results, and never let your prospect lower your sights. What is the meaning of company? Let’s break that down a little further. Negotiation,Definition,Types, Preparation Of Negotiation,Duties Of Negotiator SEBIN CHACKO. Found inside – Page 179The negotiator believes that the goals of the two negotiators are ... Such a strategy requires the definition of some “ points ” in the bargaining range . 0000002392 00000 n Business Negotiations. Negotiators often mainly react to the other side’s moves. Training Slides of Negotiation & Conflict Management in Organization, discussing the importance of Negotiation Skills. Found inside – Page 320(In Washington, the definition of a statesman is a defeated politician.) ... as a poor negotiator, and other members, 320 INSURANCE AND RISK MANAGEMENT FOR ... 0000002787 00000 n 0000003010 00000 n - The Five Communication Styles. ", 2nd President of the United States (1735-1826), 6th President of the United States; son of John Adams (1767-1848), elected vice president and became 21st President of the United States when Garfield was assassinated (1830-1886), 15th President of the United States (1791-1868), vice president under Reagan and 41st President of the United States (born in 1924), 43rd President of the United States; son of George Herbert Walker Bush (born in 1946), 39th President of the United States (1924-), 22nd and 24th President of the United States (1837-1908), 42nd President of the United States (1946-), elected vice president and succeeded as 30th President of the United States when Harding died in 1923 (1872-1933), United States labor organizer who ran for President as a socialist (1855-1926), United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany; 34th President of the United States (1890-1961), elected vice president and became the 13th President of the United States when Zachary Taylor died in office (1800-1874), former president of Iceland; first woman to be democratically elected head of state (born in 1930), English poet remembered primarily for his free translation of the poetry of Omar Khayyam (1809-1883), 38th President of the United States; appointed vice president and succeeded Nixon when Nixon resigned (1913-), 20th President of the United States; assassinated by a frustrated office-seeker (1831-1881), 18th President of the United States; commander of the Union armies in the American Civil War (1822-1885), 29th President of the United States; two of his appointees were involved in the Teapot Dome scandal (1865-1823), 9th President of the United States; caught pneumonia during his inauguration and died shortly after (1773-1841), 23rd President of the United States (1833-1901), 19th President of the United States; his administration removed federal troops from the South and so ended the Reconstruction Period (1822-1893), 31st President of the United States; in 1929 the stock market crashed and the economy collapsed and Hoover was defeated for reelection by Franklin Roosevelt (1874-1964), 7th president of the US; successfully defended New Orleans from the British in 1815; expanded the power of the presidency (1767-1845), 3rd President of the United States; chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore it (1743-1826), 17th President of the United States; was elected vice president and succeeded Lincoln when Lincoln was assassinated; was impeached but acquitted by one vote (1808-1875), 36th President of the United States; was elected vice president and succeeded Kennedy when Kennedy was assassinated (1908-1973), English classical scholar noted for his translations of Plato and Aristotle (1817-1893), 35th President of the United States; established the Peace Corps; assassinated in Dallas (1917-1963), 16th President of the United States; saved the Union during the American Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865), 4th President of the United States; member of the Continental Congress and rapporteur at the Constitutional Convention in 1776; helped frame the Bill of Rights (1751-1836), 25th President of the United States; was assassinated by an anarchist (1843-1901), 5th President of the United States; author of the Monroe Doctrine (1758-1831), vice president under Eisenhower and 37th President of the United States; resigned after the Watergate scandal in 1974 (1913-1994), 14th President of the United States (1804-1869), 11th President of the United States; his expansionism led to the Mexican War and the annexation of California and much of the southwest (1795-1849), 40th President of the United States (1911-2004), 26th President of the United States; hero of the Spanish-American War; Panama Canal was built during his administration, 32nd President of the United States; elected four times; instituted New Deal to counter the Great Depression and led country during World War II (1882-1945), 27th President of the United States and later chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1857-1930), 12th President of the United States; died in office (1784-1850), elected vice president in Roosevelt's 4th term; became 33rd President of the United States on Roosevelt's death in 1945 and was elected President in 1948; authorized the use of atomic bombs against Japan (1884-1972), elected vice president and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died (1790-1862), English translator and Protestant martyr; his translation of the Bible into English (which later formed the basis for the King James Version) aroused ecclesiastical opposition; he left England in 1524 and was burned at the stake in Antwerp as a heretic (1494-1536), a Christian believed to be of Cappadocian descent who became bishop of the Visigoths in 341 and translated the Bible from Greek into Gothic; traditionally held to have invented the Gothic alphabet (311-382), 8th President of the United States (1782-1862), 1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799), 28th President of the United States; led the United States in World War I and secured the formation of the League of Nations (1856-1924), the awaited king of the Jews; the promised and expected deliverer of the Jewish people, according to the Old Testament he was a pagan king of Israel and husband of Jezebel (9th century BC), early ruler of Egypt who rejected the old gods and replaced them with sun worship (died in 1358 BC), king of the Visigoths who captured Rome in 410 (370-410), the czar of Russia whose plans to liberalize the government of Russia were unrealized because of the wars with Napoleon (1777-1825), the son of Nicholas I who, as czar of Russia, introduced reforms that included limited emancipation of the serfs (1818-1881), son of Alexander II who was czar of Russia (1845-1894), king of Wessex; defeated the Vikings and encouraged writing in English (849-899), king of Persia who sanctioned the practice of Judaism in Jerusalem (?-424 BC), king of Persia who subdued numerous revolutions and made peace with Sparta (?-359 BC), king of Assyria who built a magnificent palace and library at Nineveh (668-627 BC), the first Saxon ruler who extended his kingdom to include nearly all of England (895-939), king of the Huns; the most successful barbarian invader of the Roman Empire (406-453), United States showman who popularized the circus (1810-1891), king of Scotland from 1306 to 1329; defeated the English army under Edward II at Bannockburn and gained recognition of Scottish independence (1274-1329), king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor; conqueror of the Lombards and Saxons (742-814), king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy; his name was rendered as Gallic `Louis' (466-511), United States showman famous for his Wild West Show (1846-1917), king of Persia and founder of the Persian Empire (circa 600-529 BC), king of Persia who expanded the Persian Empire and invaded Greece but was defeated at the battle of Marathon (550-486 BC), king of Persia who was defeated by Alexander the Great; his murder effectively ended the Persian Empire (died in 330 BC), (Old Testament) the 2nd king of the Israelites; as a young shepherd he fought Goliath (a giant Philistine warrior) and killed him by hitting him in the head with a stone flung from a sling; he united Israel with Jerusalem as its capital; many of the Psalms are attributed to David (circa 1000-962 BC), Russian ballet impresario who founded the Russian ballet and later introduced it to the West (1872-1929), English impresario who brought Gilbert and Sullivan together and produced many of their operettas in London (1844-1901), king of the English who succeeded Athelstan; he drove out the Danes and made peace with Scotland (921-946), king of the English who led resistance to Canute but was defeated and forced to divide the kingdom with Canute (980-1016), king of Wessex whose military success against the Danes made it possible for his son Athelstan to become the first king of all England (870-924), king of Northumbria who was converted to Christianity (585-633), king of Wessex whose military victories made Wessex the most powerful kingdom in England (died in 839), Anglo-Saxon king of Kent who was converted to Christianity by Saint Augustine; codified English law (552-616), king of Wessex and Kent and elder brother of Alfred; Alfred joined Ethelred's battle against the invading Danes and succeeded him on his death (died in 871), king of the English who succeeded to the throne after his half-brother Edward the Martyr was murdered; he struggled unsuccessfully against the invading Danes (969-1016), king of Saudi Arabia from 1982 to 2005 (1923-2005), king of Saudi Arabia from 1964 to 1975 (1906-1975), king of Egypt who in 1952 was ousted by a military coup d'etat (1920-1965), king of Castile and Leon who achieved control of the Moorish kings of Saragossa and Seville and Toledo (1016-1065), the king of Castile and Aragon who ruled jointly with his wife Isabella; his marriage to Isabella I in 1469 marked the beginning of the modern state of Spain and their capture of Granada from the Moors in 1492 united Spain as one country; they instituted the Spanish Inquisition in 1478 and supported the expedition of Christopher Columbus in 1492 (1452-1516), emperor of Austria and king of Hungary; was defeated by Napoleon III at the battle of Magenta (1830-1916), son of Frederick William who in 1701 became the first king of Prussia (1657-1713), king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786; brought Prussia military prestige by winning the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War (1712-1786), son of Frederick I who became king of Prussia in 1713; reformed and strengthened the Prussian army (1688-1740), king of Prussia who became involved in a costly war with France (1744-1797), king of Prussia who became involved in the Napoleonic Wars (1770-1840), king of Prussia who violently suppressed democratic movements (1795-1865), Mongolian emperor whose empire stretched from the Black Sea to the Pacific Ocean (1162-1227), king of the Vandals who seized Roman lands and invaded North Africa and sacked Rome (428-477), a legendary Sumerian king who was the hero of an epic collection of mythic stories, legendary king of ancient Phrygia who was said to be responsible for the Gordian knot, king of Sweden who established Lutheranism as the state religion (1496-1560), king of Sweden whose victories in battle made Sweden a European power; his domestic reforms made Sweden a modern state; in 1630 he intervened on the Protestant side of the Thirty Years' War and was killed in the battle of Lutzen (1594-1632), king of Sweden who increased the royal power and waged an unpopular war against Russia (1746-1792), king of Sweden whose losses to Napoleon I led to his being deposed in 1809 (1778-1837), king of Sweden who kept Sweden neutral during both World War I and II (1858-1950), the last king of Sweden to have any real political power (1882-1973), emperor of Ethiopia; worshipped by Rastafarians (1892-1975), Babylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia (died 1750 BC), king of Judea who (according to the New Testament) tried to kill Jesus by ordering the death of all children under age two in Bethlehem (73-4 BC), (Old Testament) king of Judah who abolished idolatry (715-687 BC), emperor of Japan who renounced his divinity and became a constitutional monarch after Japan surrendered at the end of World War II (1901-1989), United States impresario who was born in Russia (1888-1974), king of Jordan credited with creating stability at home and seeking peace with Israel (1935-1999), a Stuart king of Scotland who married a daughter of Henry VII; when England and France went to war in 1513 he invaded England and died in defeat at Flodden (1473-1513), (Old Testament) first king of the northern kingdom of Israel who led Israel into sin (10th century BC), Byzantine emperor who held the eastern frontier of his empire against the Persians; codified Roman law in 529; his general Belisarius regained North Africa and Spain (483-565), Hawaiian king who united the islands under his rule (1758-1819), Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China; he establish the Yuan dynasty and built a great capital on the site of modern Beijing where he received Marco Polo (1216-1294), king of Sparta and hero of the battle of Thermopylae where he was killed by the Persians (died in 480 BC), Dutch dancer who was executed by the French as a German spy in World War I (1876-1917), emperor of Japan who encouraged the modernization of Japan (1852-1912), ancient king of Pontus who expanded his kingdom by defeating the Romans but was later driven out by Pompey (132-63 BC), the last Aztec emperor in Mexico who was overthrown and killed by Hernando Cortes (1466-1520), French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821), nephew of Napoleon I and emperor of the French from 1852 to 1871 (1808-1873), (Old Testament) king of Chaldea who captured and destroyed Jerusalem and exiled the Israelites to Babylonia (630?-562 BC), czar of Russia from 1825 to 1855 who led Russia into the Crimean War (1796-1855), the last czar of Russia who was forced to abdicate in 1917 by the Russian Revolution; he and his family were executed by the Bolsheviks (1868-1918), King and patron saint of Norway (995-1030), Shah of Iran who was deposed in 1979 by Islamic fundamentalists (1919-1980), king of the Franks and father of Charlemagne who defended papal interests and founded the Carolingian dynasty in 751 (714-768), czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government; he extended his territories in the Baltic and founded St. Petersburg (1682-1725), king of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary I; he supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598), king of ancient Macedonia and father of Alexander the Great (382-336 BC), son of Louis VII whose reign as king of France saw wars with the English that regained control of Normandy and Anjou and most of Poitou (1165-1223), king of ancient Macedonia whose confrontations with the Romans led to his defeat and his loss of control over Greece, king of France who founded the Valois dynasty; his dispute with Edward III over his succession led to the Hundred Years' War (1293-1350), the king of Egypt who founded the Macedonian dynasty in Egypt; a close friend and general of Alexander the Great who took charge of Egypt after Alexander died (circa 367-285 BC), son of Ptolemy I and king of Egypt who was said to be responsible for the Septuagint (circa 309-247 BC), king of Epirus; defeated the Romans in two battles in spite of staggering losses (319-272 BC), the first Qin emperor who unified China, built much of the Great Wall, standardized weights and measures, and created a common currency and legal system (died 210 BC), any of 12 kings of ancient Egypt between 1315 and 1090 BC, United States showman whose song-and-dance troop evolved into a circus (1863-1926), (Old Testament) the first king of the Israelites who defended Israel against many enemies (especially the Philistines), king of Assyria who invaded Judea twice and defeated Babylon and rebuilt Nineveh after it had been destroyed by Babylonians (died in 681 BC), Mogul emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666), (Old Testament) son of David and king of Israel noted for his wisdom (10th century BC), according to legend, the seventh and last Etruscan king of Rome who was expelled for his cruelty (reigned from 534 to 510 BC), king of Italy who completed the unification of Italy by acquiring Venice and Rome (1820-1878), king of Italy who appointed Mussolini prime minister; he abdicated in 1946 and the monarchy was abolished (1869-1947), king of Persia who led a vast army against Greece and won the battle of Thermopylae but was eventually defeated (519-465 BC), Emperor of Rome; nephew and son-in-law and adoptive son of Antonius Pius; Stoic philosopher; the decline of the Roman Empire began under Marcus Aurelius (121-180), Emperor of Rome; adoptive son of Hadrian (86-161), Roman statesman who established the Roman Empire and became emperor in 27 BC; defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra in 31 BC at Actium (63 BC - AD 14), Roman Emperor who succeeded Tiberius and whose uncontrolled passions resulted in manifest insanity; noted for his cruelty and tyranny; was assassinated (12-41), king of Denmark and Norway who forced Edmund II to divide England with him; on the death of Edmund II, Canute became king of all England (994-1035), empress of Russia who succeeded her husband Peter the Great (1684-1727), empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796), King of France elected in 987 and founding the Capetian dynasty (940-996), son of James I who was King of England and Scotland and Ireland; was deposed and executed by Oliver Cromwell (1600-1649), King of England and Scotland and Ireland during the Restoration (1630-1685), as Charles II he was Holy Roman Emperor and as Charles I he was king of France (823-877), King of France who began his reign with most of northern France under English control; after the intervention of Jeanne d'Arc the French were able to defeat the English and end the Hundred Years' War (1403-1461), King of France from 1560 to 1574 whose reign was dominated by his mother Catherine de Medicis (1550-1574), Roman Emperor after his nephew Caligula was murdered; consolidated the Roman Empire and conquered southern Britain; was poisoned by his fourth wife Agrippina after her son Nero was named as Claudius' heir (10 BC to AD 54), Emperor of Rome who stopped the persecution of Christians and in 324 made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire; in 330 he moved his capital from Rome to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople (280-337), Emperor of Rome who was proclaimed emperor against his will; his reign was notable for his severe persecution of Christians (201-251), Roman Emperor who when faced with military problems decided in 286 to divide the Roman Empire between himself in the east and Maximian in the west; he initiated the last persecution of the Christians in 303 (245-313), Emperor of Rome; son of Vespasian who succeeded his brother Titus; instigated a reign of terror and was assassinated as a tyrant (51-96), the younger brother of Edwy who became king of Northumbria when it renounced Edwy; on Edwy's death he succeeded to the throne of England (944-975), King of England from 1272 to 1307; conquered Wales (1239-1307), King of England from 1307 to 1327 and son of Edward I; was defeated at Bannockburn by the Scots led by Robert the Bruce; was deposed and died in prison (1284-1327), son of Edward II and King of England from 1327-1377; his claim to the French throne provoked the Hundred Years' War; his reign was marked by an epidemic of the Black Plague and by the emergence of the House of Commons as the powerful arm of British Parliament (1312-1377), King of England from 1461 to 1470 and from 1471 to 1483; was dethroned in 1470 but regained the throne in 1471 by his victory at the battle of Tewkesbury (1442-1483), King of England who was crowned at the age of 13 on the death of his father Edward IV but was immediately confined to the Tower of London where he and his younger brother were murdered (1470-1483), King of England and Ireland from 1547 to 1553; son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour; died of tuberculosis (1537-1553), King of England from 1901 to 1910; son of Victoria and Prince Albert; famous for his elegant sporting ways (1841-1910), King of England and Ireland in 1936; his marriage to Wallis Warfield Simpson created a constitutional crisis leading to his abdication (1894-1972), son of Ethelred the Unready; King of England from 1042 to 1066; he founded Westminster Abbey where he was eventually buried (1003-1066), King of England who was a son of Edgar; he was challenged for the throne by supporters of his half-brother Ethelred II who eventually murdered him (963-978), King of England who was renounced by Northumbria in favor of his brother Edgar (died in 959), Holy Roman Emperor and king of Hungary and Bohemia (1503-1564), Holy Roman Emperor and king of Bohemia and Hungary who waged war against Protestant forces (1578-1637), Holy Roman Emperor and king of Hungary and Bohemia who signed the Peace of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years' War (1608-1657), Holy Roman Emperor from 1152 to 1190; conceded supremacy to the pope; drowned leading the Third Crusade (1123-1190), the Holy Roman Emperor who led the Sixth Crusade and crowned himself king of Jerusalem (1194-1250), Elector of Hanover and the first Hanoverian King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1714 to 1727 (1660-1727), King of Great Britain and Elector of Hanover from 1727 to 1760 (1683-1760), King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1760 to 1820; the American colonies were lost during his reign; he became insane in 1811 and his son (later George IV) acted as regent until 1820 (1738-1820), King of Great Britain and Ireland and Hanover from 1820 to 1830; his attempt to divorce his estranged wife undermined the prestige of the Crown (1762-1830), King of Great Britain and Ireland and emperor of India from 1910 to 1936; gave up his German title in 1917 during World War I (1865-1936), King of Great Britain and Ireland and emperor of India from 1936 to 1947; he succeeded Edward VIII (1895-1952), Roman Emperor who was the adoptive son of Trajan; travelled throughout his empire to strengthen its frontiers and encourage learning and architecture; on a visit to Britain in 122 he ordered the construction of Hadrian's Wall (76-138), illegitimate son of Canute who seized the throne of England in 1037 (died in 1040), King of England who succeeded Edward the Confessor in 1066 and was the last of the Anglo-Saxon monarchs; he was killed fighting the invasion by William the Conqueror (1045-1066), King of England from 1100 to 1135; youngest son of William the Conqueror; conquered Normandy in 1106 (1068-1135), first Plantagenet King of England; instituted judicial and financial reforms; quarreled with archbishop Becket concerning the authority of the Crown over the church (1133-1189), king of France from 1547 to 1559; regained Calais from the English; husband of Catherine de Medicis and father of Charles IX (1519-1559), son of King John and king of England from 1216 to 1272; his incompetence aroused baronial opposition led by Simon de Montfort (1207-1272), son of Henry II of France and the last Valois to be king of France (1551-1589), the first Lancastrian king of England from 1399 to 1413; deposed Richard II and suppressed rebellions (1367-1413), King of the Germans and Holy Roman Emperor (1050-1106). 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