bacteriophage diseases

(Dordrecht: Springer), 459–466. A USA based company Omnilytics was the first company to receive registration (from the US Environmental protection agency) for their phage based biopesticide product Agriphage. Sci. While it has primarily been contained in the Americas, it has been indentified in Europe in recent years causing disease on olive trees (Hopkins and Purcell, 2002; Loconsole et al., 2014). Current control measures involving the use of traditional chemicals or antibiotics are losing their efficacy due to the natural development of bacterial resistance to these agents. Abstract. This is indicated by the fact that 10–20% of bacterial populations in certain habitats are lysed daily because of phage infection (Suttle, 1994). Bacteriophage or Phage is a virus that infects and replicates only within the . Xylella fastidiosa belongs to the of class of Gammaproteobacteria. Lett. However, the use of these insecticides has seen restrictions in recent years due to their possible effects on honey bee populations (Anonymous, 2013; Lu et al., 2014). Chemical biocides typically contain a range of phage inactivating substances such as surfactants and chelators (Yamamoto et al., 1968; Chattopadhyay et al., 2002). Our mission is to provide a free, world-class education to anyone, anywhere. doi: 10.1128/AAC.45.3.649-659.2001, Suttle, C. A. Bioinform. Can. Accessibility The bacterial host range of phage is generally narrower than that found in the antibiotics . Plant Pathol. Rev. doi: 10.2134/jeq2003.8160, Keywords: bacteriophages, plant diseases, biocontrol, biopesticides, phytopathogens, Citation: Buttimer C, McAuliffe O, Ross RP, Hill C, O’Mahony J and Coffey A (2017) Bacteriophages and Bacterial Plant Diseases. Traditionally, control of fire blight relies on cultural practices involving the removal of diseased tissue as well as preventative sprays containing copper or antibiotics (Norelli et al., 2003). 4, 359–367. Found inside – Page 20phage. XacF1. causes. loss. of. virulence. in. Xanthomonas. axonopodis. pv. citri,. the. causative. agent. of. citrus. canker. disease. The phyllosphere is nevertheless a harsh environment for phages to survive and it has been reported that their numbers can rapidly decline during daylight hours (Balogh et al., 2003; Iriarte et al., 2007). This work stresses the potential role of bacteriophages to decrease the mortality rate of patients infected by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. This current book provides an overview of current research on bacteriophages. Chapter One discusses bacteriophages of pathogenic vibrios, identification and differentiation. (1925). Bubán, T., and Orosz-Kovács, Z. Genome of bacteriophage P1. Microbiol. B., Lacy, G. H., Bouzar, H., Minsavage, G. V., Stall, R. E., and Schaad, N. W. (2005). (2014). We examine the distribution of a previously-identified genetic element, a temperate bacteriophage, in 1288 meningococci isolated from cases of disease and asymptomatic carriage. Phage induction from lysogenic strains of Pseudomonas syringae pathovar mori by the extract from mulberry leaves. In the lysogenic cycle, phage DNA is incorporated into the host genome, where it is . Iriarte et al showed that a proprietary mixture of phage (OmniLytics Inc.) active against X. perforans strain 97-2 could translocate to the upper leaves of a tomato plant from its roots. Role of the Gp16 lytic transglycosylase motif in bacteriophage T7 virions at the initiation of infection. Microbiol., 20 January 2017 The tail-associated depolymerase of Erwinia amylovora phage L1 mediates host cell adsorption and enzymatic capsule removal, which can enhance infection by other phage. Foods. Role of host protein glutaredoxin 3 in the control of transcription during bacteriophage Phi2954 infection. Xylella fastidiosa: its biology, diagnosis, control and risks. However, a virus has to be poised in a high-energy form to fight its way into a host. PLoS Genet. (2012). Bacteriophage 5:e1074330. Infectious bacterial diseases exhibiting increasing resistance to antibiotics are a serious global health issue. Basit et al. Microbiol. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2558, Samson, R., Legendre, J. Survival of phage can be improved in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere if they are accompanied by a viable host. Some phages can only reproduce via a lytic lifecycle, in which they burst and kill their host cells. doi: 10.1023/A:1020639717181. Lu, M. J., and Henning, U. In the Netherlands, they cause annual losses in the seed potato sector of as much €30 million per year and in Israel, potato yield losses due to Dickeya have been as much as 20–25% (Prins and Breukers, 2008; Tsror (Lahkim) et al., 2008). Soil based phage delivery is another approach that has been looked at to improve phage presistance in the phylosphere. Under favorable conditions, disease can present itself as wilting, necrosis of tissue and dieback of the plant (Vanneste and Eden-Green, 2000). d’Herelle, F. (1917). J. 19, 837–845. However, unlike chemicals, phages are biological entities which can evolve and overcome these biological alterations in their hosts. Phage-resistance mutations in bacteria frequently are accompanied by a fitness cost, one example being a reduction in virulence, resulting in reduced disease severity. uncovers that the exotoxin-secreting gut bacterium Enterococcus faecalis is a critical contributor to alcoholic hepatitis. tomato). doi: 10.1128/JB.186.21.7032-7068.2004, Loconsole, G., Potere, O., Boscia, D., Altamura, G., Djelouah, K., Elbeaino, T., et al. This could be a specific bacterial phytopathogen or it could be a particular bacterium in a microbial community whose suppression could help improve crop growth. 87, 949–954. Tech. Scientists . Their use presents a viable control measure for a number of destructive bacterial crop diseases, with some phage-based products already becoming available on the market. Trends Microbiol. doi: 10.3839/jksabc.2011.014, Klumpp, J., Dorscht, J., Lurz, R., Bielmann, R., Wieland, M., Zimmer, M., et al. Biodegradable polymers have also been shown to give these protective effects (Khalil et al., 2016). These phages possess icosahedral heads containing genomes comprised of double stranded DNA. 2019 Mar 18;11(3):268. doi: 10.3390/v11030268. 83, 964–964. (2007). Pathogenomics of Xanthomonas: understanding bacterium–plant interactions. Plant Heal. doi: 10.2307/3870824, Chatterjee, S., Almeida, R. P. P., and Lindow, S. (2008). biovar 3 “D. Found insideBacteriophages: Biology and Applications provides unparalleled, comprehensive information on bacteriophages and their applications, such as Yamamoto, N., Fraser, D., and Mahler, H. R. (1968). Bacteriophages (BPs) are viruses that can infect and kill bacteria without any negative effect on human or animal cells. Can. In addition to biocontrol applications, there is also good potential for phage-based diagnostics for plant pathogenic bacteria with a high sensitivity aimed specifically at viable bacteria. Phage-based detection of bacterial pathogens. Res. B., Van Sluys, M.-A., Bogdanove, A. J., et al. Wommack, K. E., and Colwell, R. R. (2000). Fig. However, the phage was still able to infect this bacterium, due a mutation having occured in the protospacer sequence. An investigation on the nature of ultramicroscopic viruses. vesicatoria, or P. syringae pv. As the name suggests, bacteriophages infect bacteria. J. Eur. In recent years, several studies have been published on phage biocontrol on a number of important bacterial plant pathogens, with many very promising results (see Table 1). Enzybiotics. This book presents detailed methods on a variety of aspects of Salmonella research, focusing on those which provide landmarks for future discovery. Plant Pathol. A bacteriophage, or a phage, is a virus that can be deployed to target and eradicate specific harmful bacteria, like AIEC. 96, 7–14. 37, ed. Ralstonia solanacearum is a Gram negative soil-borne bacterium. Such a detection system has been developed for R. solanacearum, which is based on detection of the bacterium by phage propagation followed with quantitative PCR (qPCR). Nina Chanishvili remembers clearly visiting the laboratory where her uncle worked on bacteriophages—viruses that kill bacteria—in the Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbioogy & Virology in Tblisi, Georgia, as a young girl. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066428, Rezzonico, F., Smits, T. H. M., and Duffy, B. Phages generally have a narrow host range, typically being limited to stains within a particular species of bacteria. (2005). 18 Only patients carrying a clinical isolate that was . Reclassification of the xanthomonads associated with bacterial spot disease of tomato and pepper. “Bacterial wilt in Brazil: current status and control methods,” in Bacterial Wilt Disease, eds P. Prior, C. Allen, and J. Elphinstone (Berlin: Springer), 386–393. A recent study by Duan et al. It is spread by contaminated tomato seeds but can also survive as an epiphyte for extended periods on tomato plant surfaces and is dispersed in windblown rain (Smitley and McCarter, 1982; McCarter, 1983; Preston, 2000). Characterization of a cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) rhizobiophage and its effect on cowpea nodulation and growth. (2003). Legislation governing phage biocontrol may need to become more malleable in the EU for the best application and performance of phage products as biopesticides. Rev. “Distribution and economic importance of fire blight,” in Fire Blight: The Disease and Its Causative Agent Erwinia amylovora, ed. Found inside – Page 287The history of a case of an infectious disease is in the last analysis the history of the struggle between a pathogenic bacterium and a bacteriophage . Our aim is to combat infectious diseases in many countries . doi: 10.1093/femsle/fnv230, Czajkowski, R., Ozymko, Z., de Jager, V., Siwinska, J., Smolarska, A., Ossowicki, A., et al. doi: 10.1007/BF00340198, Preston, G. M. (2000). Their clinical use as infectious disease fighters dates back to the early 1900s, but they fell out of favor a few decades later when antibiotics arrived.Now, with multidrug-resistant infections on the rise, bacteriophages are garnering new attention. Mitochondrial and chloroplast phage-type RNA polymerases in Arabidopsis. It is accompanied by careful monitoring and removal of diseased plants before release for general production. With this economic environment, one can expect to see increased activity in the development of phage biocontrol as a viable approach for crop disease control in the future. Cell surface attachment structures contribute to biofilm formation and xylem colonization by Erwinia amylovora. Natl. However, when phage infection occured, ToxI RNA antitoxin became unbound from ToxN causing death of the bacterial host cell (Fineran et al., 2009). 8, 517–528. Plant Dis. PLoS ONE 10:e0119812. Microbiol. In addition a knowledge of the life cycle of . J. Bacteriol. In another study, combining phage with Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) was shown to have improved protection against bacterial spot of tomato in the field (Obradovic et al., 2004). However, the use of resistant cultivars has not always been successful and there have been reports of bacteria developing resistance to the above two agents (Goode and Sasser, 1980; Ritchie and Dittapongpitch, 1991; McDonald and Linde, 2002). Przybilski, R., Richter, C., Gristwood, T., Clulow, J. S., Vercoe, R. B., and Fineran, P. C. (2011). Found inside – Page 701... NEUROTROPIC , ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES 3104 3102 VIRUSES , BACTERIOPHAGE * SA ... DISEASES , ARBOVIRUS , YELLOW FEVER 3106 1832 VIRUSES , BACTERIOPHAGE T ... Bacterial diseases of plants and animals have continually reduced production since the advent of crop cultivation and animal husbandry practices. Phytopathol. pruni ampoules, and pills for treatment of various skin and enteric diseases (54). There is evidence to support that combining phage with several methods used to control crop disease results in better control. Ph.D. Dissertation, Unversity of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Copyright © 2017 Buttimer, McAuliffe, Ross, Hill, O’Mahony and Coffey. Articles. J. Virol. These triggers can be chemical or physical (UV light or heat) in nature (Brunner and Pootjes, 1969; Müller et al., 2012). 21, 384–397. 80, 77–85. 2021 Jul 28;10(8):1742. doi: 10.3390/foods10081742. Thus, bacteriophage can be viewed as model systems for animal cell viruses. A Natural Solution to Takle Potential Soft Rot | Branston Limited [WWW Document]. doi: 10.1139/m92-208, Blower, T. R., Evans, T. J., Przybilski, R., Fineran, P. C., and Salmond, G. P. C. (2012). 238, 183–194. doi: 10.1094/Phyto-73-1393, McDonald, B. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. It is possible to engineer phage of phytobacteria into reporter systems that can emit a detectable bioluminescent signal during infection. 56, 243–246. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-91-7-0871, Lee, D. H., Kim, J.-B., Lim, J.-A., Han, S.-W., and Heu, S. (2014). 2007.45:245-262. Viral evasion of a bacterial suicide system by RNA-based molecular mimicry enables infectious altruism. The pesticide market is worth $56 billion with the biopesticides forming only $2–3 billion of this. As shown in Fig. Plant Cell 11, 911–926. In the following years, phages were employed to treat dysentery and cholera with success. Biol. Insectol. A., and Linde, C. (2002). Appl. However, several methods have been found to reduce this problem. In an vivo study with phage phiXV3-16, Iriarte et al. Investigations on the blackleg disease of potato. Species and pathovars of this genus typically exhibit a high degree of host- as well as tissue-specificity, invading either the xylem or intercellular spaces of the mesophyll parenchyma tissue (Ryan et al., 2011). Acad. This has resulted in the restricted use of chemicals to produce “organic label” crops. carotovorum using bacteriophage PP1. Control of the disease has involved preventative cultural practices such as avoiding unnecessary crop damage and using uncontaminated seed, but also includes use of resistant cultivars as well as chemical controls with copper or streptomycin (Goode and Sasser, 1980). Environ. A bacteriophage cocktail was used to successfully clear femoral infection with four intraperitoneal doses of phage (100 μL of ~2x10 12 pfu/mL) over the span of 48 hours. (1987). A variety of other crop infections have also been reduced in severity in other phage biocontrol studies.
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